Buddhism and Physical Education 인문 · 사회과학편 : 불교(佛敎)와 체육(體育)
김영환YoungHwanKim
19(0) 5-13, 1980
Title
Buddhism and Physical Education 인문 · 사회과학편 : 불교(佛敎)와 체육(體育)
김영환YoungHwanKim
DOI:
Abstract
Buddhism, a religion as well as a philosophy, grew out of the teachings of Gautama Siddhartha(Buddha) who lived between 560 B.C. and 483B.C. It has had a great impact on Oriental culture over the past 2,000 years and, during the present century, it has attracted increasing interest in the West, The purpose of this study was to investigate the religious, philosophical and educational concepts of Buddhism in search of implications of physical education.
Buddha`s primary concern was human predicaments such as sickness, aging, and death, and how to evercome them. Buddha, s method presented Four Noble Truths: life is dukkha ("frustration"); the cause of frustration is tanha ("craving"); cessation of frustration is possible; and the way leading to the cessation of dukkha is the Noble Eight-fold Path including right intention, right livelihood and right concentration.
Although Buddha was more interested in practical matters such as human well-being, his teachings examined three characteristics of existence, annica (impermanency); dukkha (frustation); and annata (absence of self); all of these might safely be termed ontological concerns. Buddha advocated the unification of mind and body, an idea which has tremendous bearing in the concept of the total person in physical education.
That Buddhahood, the ultimate goal of Buddhism, can be attained through education demonstrates the importance of education in Buddhism. However, Buddhistic education is not limited to the accumulation of knowledge. A far more important concern is the utilization of such knowledge as in, for example, character development. Buddhistic educational philosophy was practiced in Korean Hwarangdo and Japanese Bushido.
Various Buddhistic concepts were examined in an attempt to draw valid implication for physical education, including philosophic and pedagogic concerns. Insofar as philosophy is concerned, Buddhism was compared with various Western philosophical schools in relation to physical education. The section on pedagogy in physical education examined three subsections; objective; curriculum; the student and teacher. Most of the objectives which physical education has commonly accepted are compatible with Buddhistic teaching; those subsumed under the physical, psychomotor, cognitive, affective and social domain. Furthermore, some Buddhistic teachings, such as a No-mind state for concentration, emotional control and moral development, can, it would seem, contribute greatly to physical education objectives. Buddhistic teachings imply that students should be provided with a variety of physical activities such as fishing, hunting and highly competitive and commercial activities should be provided with a variety of physical activities such as fishing, hunting and highly competitive and commercial activities should be discouraged. Just as Buddha`s words (Chiao) and his action (Zen) are indispensable for the attainment of Enlightenment, so, too, it is necessary to understand the organized body of knowledge undergirding physical education, as well as to participate in physical activities, if one is become a totally physically educated person. Buddhistic teachings seem to be significant, too, in any attempt to define the proper relationship between student and teacher physical education. Buddhism implies that the mutual respect that the physical education student and teacher hold for each other can improve not only the relationship between student and teacher in today`s schools but also the quality of education, To conclude, Buddhism not only shares many commonalities with physical education but also some Buddhistic values such as moral development can be beneficial for the development of those human qualities which some physical education teachers perceive to be a necessary part of the total program.
Key Words
Application of Motivation Theory to Physical Education Instruction 인문 · 사회과학편 : 체육수업(體育授業)에서의 동기화(動機化) 이론(理論)의 적용(適用)
李光燮KwangSupLee
19(0) 15-25, 1980
Title
Application of Motivation Theory to Physical Education Instruction 인문 · 사회과학편 : 체육수업(體育授業)에서의 동기화(動機化) 이론(理論)의 적용(適用)
李光燮KwangSupLee
DOI:
Abstract
This study has briefly reviewed seven motivation theories and it suggests the ways the teachers can explain, predict and improve student`s performance. It also tries to encourage organization behaviorists to use athletic teams in their research attempts, and such efforts can make a valuable contribution to understanding the behavior of the individual students.
This research was directed toward rather predicting the future behavior then reconstruction the past occurrences when a given motivation theory was employed. The teacher`s motivation prctices or stragies could be measured for predicting the results in case a given motivation theory was applied. They will become more instrumental in improving the individual / team performance if the teachers begin to recognize that motivation theory can be effectively applied to the sports or athletic setting.
Key Words
Study on Effective Means of Guidance for Physical Education Lesson -Concentrated for High School- 인문 · 사회과학편 : 체육학습(體育學習)의 효율적(效率的)인 지도방안(指導方案)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -인문계(人文系) 고등학교(高等學校)를 중심(中心)으로-
鄭海柱HaeJooChung
19(0) 27-39, 1980
Title
Study on Effective Means of Guidance for Physical Education Lesson -Concentrated for High School- 인문 · 사회과학편 : 체육학습(體育學習)의 효율적(效率的)인 지도방안(指導方案)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -인문계(人文系) 고등학교(高等學校)를 중심(中心)으로-
鄭海柱HaeJooChung
DOI:
Abstract
1. The Purpose of the Study
The whole personality education has been emphasized through the balanced education of intellect, virtue and physique: however, many problems are taken place the physical education Therefore, it is intended to find the effective means of the physical education based on the analysis of 1) the physical educational prossesure, 2) attitude of learning the physical education, 3) actual status of studying physical education, 4) facility for the physical education and 5) talent or natural disposition, etc.
2. The Method of the Study
Both literature study and the survey study are conducted in this study. The survey study was carried out by means of simple random sampling on the object students of total 2,100 persons (that is, each 50 boy students extracted from each grade comes 150 persons from 3 grade, but 1,200 persons from 8 boys’ high schools; and each 50 girls students from each grade, that comes 150 students from all of 3rd grade, thus 900 students from 6 girls’ high school) after selecting 14 schools (8 boys high schools and 6 girls’ high schools) out of the total 117 high schools in the city of seoul.
Meanwhile, the random sampling was adopted for the survey on the object persons of total 326 Physical education teachers; that is, 1-5 persons from each school were selected from and among 496 physical education teachers from total 117 high schools in the city of seoul.
3. The Result of the Study
a. Actual Status of Operation of the Curriculum
1) It is real situation that 2-3 hours per week are mostly allocated for the physical education lesson or training.
2) Both practice and theory are taught in giving lessons through the curriculum, but as there is a tendency to give lectures on theory especially, it is apt to cause failure in guidance.
3) It is true that most of schools (80.8%) are not giving the physical education lessons based on the instruction book accepted by an inspection of the Ministry of Education or the physical Education Management guide instructed by Special City Board of Education as they are not suitable for the Physical education lesson.
4) Since the instruction book accepted by an inspection of the Ministry of Education put the emphasis on the public health and the physical education management guide issued by Special City Board of Education did not cover the public health, efficiency of the physical education can hardly been achieved.
b. The willingness to Learn
1) There is less willingness to learn physical education and less interest in the physical education; there is much tendency to wards the formality study on the physical education.
2) The reason for being passive in the physical education lesson is disclosed according to the response that the students are not interested in the physical education and they (70% of the respondents) have no natural disposition, but also neither improvement of physique nor improvement of practical technique can be expected.
c. The Facility for the physical Education Training
1) It is well known fact that the facilities in the most of schools do not meet the facility required from the Ministry of Education and both students and teachers feel keenly inconvenience and hindrance in the field of the facility.
2) As the middle and high school use only one ground jointly, it is true that the doubted or tripled troubles or inconveniences are caused duct to use of the only one play ground for giving joint class lesson, for using exclusively by the sports team and for military training, etc.
d. Actual Status of Learning or Training
1) Regarding the actual status of giving lesson, all emphasis is put on improvement of health and safety guidance, etc., hut the lack of willingness to learn and the formal and oppressed lesson make the physical education lesson further declining towards inefficiency.
2) There is no variety in giving the physical education lesson due to constants and training Methods. In addition to it (worse to it), it is apt to contrary to the purpose of the lesson as the lesson is mainly given in the ball game.
3) As for the guiding ability of the coach, a balanced guidance is hardly given in training in order to achieve the purpose of the physical education and training because of lack of the coach who possesses leading capability in various fields.
4) The theory and practical technique shall be evaluated together in evaluation of the lesson on training; nevertheless, it shows the high percentage of 37.9% that the practical technique only is evaluated.
5) Teachers can hardly give appropriate lessons due to restriction of an external condition; on the other hand, the joint class lesson for the physical faculty training, sustains much restriction
e. The Teacher’s Natural Qualitiy.
1) There are few persons who have an integrated coaching ability for the contents of the physical education lesson. However, a guidance is rendered mostly for the ball game event or field and track events with emphasis； but the contents of the guidance such as recreation or public health that is an emotional education,’culture are rather weak/insufficient.
2) The teacher’s leading capability is apt to be lack because of his retiring disposition; the loss of willingness, which is brought from short of the study period and excessive group of the students, also causes to failure or hindrance of the physical education lesson or training
3) Most of the responses show that lack of technical ability is caused by not having natural dispo sition and by not learning it at the college.
f. Conclusion
1) It is urgent and necessary to improve the training Course or curriculum so as to be united with the instruction book accepted by an inspection of the Ministry of Education and the physical education management guide issued by Seoul City Board of Education, rationalization of the time allocation and to meet the situation of the school.
2) Regarding willingness to learn, all and any requirements for the shall be provided with in order to stimulate the positive motive.
3) It is matter of course that a middle school and high school shall utilize a separate ground for the physical education training or lesson; accordingly, the school shall be equipped with the ground for exclusive use by the sports team, for the military training, etc. as well as the facility of a gymnasium. Consequently, it is required that the appropriate authority and the school authority shall take into con sideration on expanision of the sports instruments.
4) A systematic learning has not been formed in an actual physical education lesson. Teacher’s enforcing attitude and lack of emotional education shall urgently be improved for the purpose of prom otion of intention and for reaching the goal.
5) An integrated guiding ability both in theory and practical technique shall be equipped with to meet the quality of the teacher, and the work load, especially miscellaneous duties (other than the physical education training) shall be reduced so that the teacher can fully engage in guidance of the students.
Key Words
The Research on Academic and Athletic ability as popularity factors in Elementary School Children 인문 · 사회과학편 : 아동(兒童)들의 인기요인(人氣要因)으로서의 학업성적(學業成績)과 운동능력(運動能力)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
吳貞胤JungYoonOh
19(0) 41-49, 1980
Title
The Research on Academic and Athletic ability as popularity factors in Elementary School Children 인문 · 사회과학편 : 아동(兒童)들의 인기요인(人氣要因)으로서의 학업성적(學業成績)과 운동능력(運動能力)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
吳貞胤JungYoonOh
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the aptitude of elementary school children toward athletic success, academic achivement, and popularity.
Four hundred boys and 368 girls in grades 4, 5 and 6 were surveyed to determine if they preferred to excel at sports, make good grades, or be popular.
The following main results were found from this study.
① Both boys and girls expressed preference toward good grades.
② Subjects selected as outstanding academically or athletically were listed as popular more often than subjects not in those categories.
③ When outstanding students, athletes, and student-athletes (outstanding academically and athletically) were compared as to popularity, it was found that among boys, athletes were some what more popular while among girls, student-athletes seemed to be slightly more popular.
④ A final question asked subjects to rank 4 factors as contributors to popularity Boys ranked sports as most important while girls ranked grades first.
Key Words
A survey of the personality differences caused by physical fitness 인문 · 사회과학편 : 체력(體力)에 따른 성격차(性格差)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
李完燮WanSupLee
19(0) 51-58, 1980
Title
A survey of the personality differences caused by physical fitness 인문 · 사회과학편 : 체력(體力)에 따른 성격차(性格差)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
李完燮WanSupLee
DOI:
Abstract
I surveyd and analyzed the differences in the student`s personality with the examination of physical and the test of personality.
I chose 910 middle school boys and girls in Chuncheon and made theft the object of my study.
The result are as follows.
1. In the boys and girls groups, It was found that the differences of the personality were basically caused, at the same time, by the different physical fitness, the statistical significant level was verified.
2. The differences of character in the boy students were much more than the girl-students.
3. While the differences were found in the boy students through the whole grades, for the girl-students case, the differences were distinguished evidently in the first grade. But they were found little in the 2nd and 3rd grade.
4. For the boy-students, the meaningful differences were shown especially in the dominance the masculitity and the sociability.
5. There were the differences in the emotional stability, the impuliveness and the reflectivness, but they are meaningless, physical fitness got low make in the objectivity.
For boy-students in the first grade the Impulsiveness became particularly minus correlation at the significant level of p<.05
7. For girl-students, the significant difference, were verified in the dominance, the impulsiveness and the masculitity.
8. There were a little differences except in the reflectiveness but the statical significant was not found.
9. It is tendency that girl-students who has got low marks in the reflect-iveness had got good marks.
10. The differences of the personality caused by the levels of the physical fitness score could be explained as follows,
These facts resultes from the cultural expectation arid stereotype syntality of the peer group.
Key Words
A Study of correlation among the specialties of physical constitution, physical fitness and special technique in the excellent "ssirum" players. 인문 · 사회과학편 : 씨름선수(選手)의 체격(體格)·체력(體力)·특기간(特技間)의 상관관계(相關關係) 연구(硏究)
姜容鎬YongHoKang
19(0) 59-68, 1980
Title
A Study of correlation among the specialties of physical constitution, physical fitness and special technique in the excellent "ssirum" players. 인문 · 사회과학편 : 씨름선수(選手)의 체격(體格)·체력(體力)·특기간(特技間)의 상관관계(相關關係) 연구(硏究)
姜容鎬YongHoKang
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this examination was to find the correlation and multiple correlation among the specialties of physical fitness, physical constitution factors and to find the relation between special technique and the specialties of physical constitution, physical fitness factors by classifying the degree of weigth.
The results were as follows;
1. In specialty of physical constitution factors heavy weight was superior to the others.
2. In correlation among the specialties of physical fitness factors, light weight showed it between speed and power, speed and strength, coordination and using side strength, coordination and endurance, middle weight showed it between agility and using side strength, disusing side strength, endurance, using side strength and disusing side strength, endurance.
3. In the whole degree of weight, the correlation appeared between coordination and using side strength, using side strength and disusing side strength.
4. In the multiple correlation, light weigth showed it between speed and power, endurance, coordination and disusing strength, endurance, endurance and speed coordination, middle weigth showed it between agility and using side strength, endurance, using side strength and agility disusing side strength, endurance, endurance and agility losing side strength
5. In the relation between special technique and specialties of physical constitution. physical fitness factors heavy weight player used mainly the technique "Baejigi" and light weight player used the several ones.
Key Words
A Study on the Change of Times in Physical Education in Korea -from 1900 to 1977- 인문 · 사회과학편 : 한국(韓國) 체육학연구(體育學硏究)의 시대적(時代的) 변천(變遷)에 관한 연구(硏究)
朴詳烈SangYeolPark
19(0) 69-84, 1980
Title
A Study on the Change of Times in Physical Education in Korea -from 1900 to 1977- 인문 · 사회과학편 : 한국(韓國) 체육학연구(體育學硏究)의 시대적(時代的) 변천(變遷)에 관한 연구(硏究)
朴詳烈SangYeolPark
DOI:
Abstract
Modern learnings have their own independent area respectively, and yet, maintain, mutual existing relation.
Physical education, the learning in entire activities of human beings, has such multiful pertinent studies as science, phisiology, anatomy, Biomechanics, philosophy, medical science and historic science.
It is abvious that modern physical education is changing in its conception to physical activity seiences
The following results of changing process in physical education in Korea have been obtained as a result of collection and analysis of 2842 pieces of thesis on physical education from physical educational professional institutes, Medical fields, Educational institutes, and universities, and 122 books on physical education from 1900’s to 1977.
1. The thesis for doctor’s degree on physical activities numbers 69 pieces, 433 pieces for the degree of historic fields. The doctor’s degree comes mostly from medical fields.
As for the thesis for master’s degree, master’s degree of physical education marks 198 pieces, 44.7% of entire ones. Educational master’s degree 192 pieces, 43.34%, physical science 47 pieces, 10.61%, Health science master’s degree 6 pieces, 1.35%, all of which mark 2.43% of 2842 pieces of the whole thesis.
2. Physical education professional study institutes, consiting of 11 institutes, have given out 976 pieces of thesis, 34.3% of the entire ones.
3. 288 pieces of thesis on physical education in the filed of medicine have been carried on 19 professional books.
4. The whole of 669 pieces of thesis have been carried on 71 collection of thesis published by nationwide universities, 546 pieces of thesis, 81.61% of the entire ones among them have been published from 1970 to 1977.
5. Scientification of physical educational study began to come out around the year of 1965 when "Sports Science Study Center" was established in Korea Sports Association.
6. The first hook published after the Korean liberation from Japan was the one entitled "Olympic" written by Yoon, Ji yong published by "Samjoong"
7. The time when the thesis on physical activities related to physical education was published commenced from 1930’s.
8. Judging by the above, we hove a short history of the study on the fields of physical education, but we find that there have recently been very active activities among physical education professional institutes, medical fields and universities.
It is advisable in future that the study of physical education must be emphasized and propelled forward accross the nation for the expansion of national force the scientification of physical education.
Key Words
Survey and Study on Employment Tendency of the Former Korean Delegate Players 인문 · 사회과학편 : 한국(韓國) 국가대표선수(國家代表選手) 출신(出身)들의 취업경향(就業傾向)에 대(對)한 조사연구(調査硏究)
李學來HakLaeLee , 韓敬熙KyungHeeHan
19(0) 85-96, 1980
Title
Survey and Study on Employment Tendency of the Former Korean Delegate Players 인문 · 사회과학편 : 한국(韓國) 국가대표선수(國家代表選手) 출신(出身)들의 취업경향(就業傾向)에 대(對)한 조사연구(調査硏究)
李學來HakLaeLee , 韓敬熙KyungHeeHan
DOI:
Abstract
The survey and analysis were made on educational background and occupation of total 817 male and female players of the Korean delegate players who participated in the Olympic Games and the Asian Games in order to have totter (correct) understanding on the prospectiveness of such former athletic players, and the result of such survey and analysis is as fellows:
1. In case of the assumption that there is remarkable (close) interrelationship between the educational background and intellectual bevel, it i9 considered that the intellectual level of the former (mile and female) national delegate players are very high.
2. As to economic and social prospectiveness of the male players, their employment rate in the distinct (fixed) profession such as professor, employee of a company and individual business shows 80.4% and the social professional activities of the former female players, such as professor and employee of a company, shows tendency of increase to the contrary to gradual decrease in the rate of engaging in home affairs (housekeeping). ln taking a view on such tendency, it is considered that the economic and social prospectiveness of the former athletic players in Korea in very bright to the contrary to the general conception prevailed so far.
Key Words
A Study on the Character of Dance Rhythm and the Method of Creation 인문 · 사회과학편 : 무용(舞踊)리듬의 특성(特性)과 창작방법(創作方法)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
權美子MeeJahKwon
19(0) 97-105, 1980
Title
A Study on the Character of Dance Rhythm and the Method of Creation 인문 · 사회과학편 : 무용(舞踊)리듬의 특성(特性)과 창작방법(創作方法)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
權美子MeeJahKwon
DOI:
Abstract
Dance image must be hit on the an idea in the creation of dance, and the character of dance rhythm and the principles of composition have been studied because it is connected directly on its creation to creak dance rhythm.
There are weight, time, space, and flowos the elements of dance rhythm, when described them more concretely, they could be separated by rhythm, seed(tempo) accent, and direction as the essential elements of quality, by width, thickness arid length as the essential elements of quantity.
This study have gained a conclusion that the methodology of creation for dance rhythm can be established by making these elements transform subdivide, divide, connect, and harmonize.
Key Words
A Kinesiological Study on Taking Methods and Weights of a Satchel for the Elementary School Children 자연과학편 : 국민학교(國民學校) 어린이의 가방무게와 운반방법에 대(對)한 Kinesiology적(的) 연구(硏究)
尹南植NamSikYun
19(0) 109-117, 1980
Title
A Kinesiological Study on Taking Methods and Weights of a Satchel for the Elementary School Children 자연과학편 : 국민학교(國民學校) 어린이의 가방무게와 운반방법에 대(對)한 Kinesiology적(的) 연구(硏究)
尹南植NamSikYun
DOI:
Abstract
The aims of this study is to decide optimal weight and taking methods a satchel with analyzing walking posture and energy expenditure in case of several weights of satchel. The subjects were selected at random 10 children of 10 years old from some element schools located in Hirazuka City, Kanakawa-Ken, Japan. It made an experiment in natural walking on the tread-mill at 60M per minutes with a following condition: that is
(1) walking without and loading (2) walking with taking on back a satchel loading of 2, 4, 6, 8㎏. (3) walking with taking on hand a satchel loading of 4㎏.
Under above mentioned condition, it were taken a picture of walking posture with 16mm Bolex Camera and measured energe metabolism.
The results of analyzing these data were as follows:
1. The length of step
(1) It gets long for length of step according to increasing in weight of satchel but in case of weight more than 8㎏, it gets short for length of step.
(2) It is shorter in length of step for taking on hand satchel than taking on back satchel.
2. Forward and roiling pitch
(1) It gets large in forward pitch of head part according to incresing in weight of satchel.
(2) It is smaller in forward Pitch for taking on hand a satchel than taking on back a satchel.
(3) It is larger in rolling pitch of trunk arid head Part for light loading than heading than heavy loading, but it gets constant in case of weight more than 4㎏.
3. Oxygen Consumption
(1) It gets increased in oxygen consumption according in weight of a satchel, but in phase of walking efficiency, it is smallest in case of loading of 2㎏ and almost similar in case of non loading and loading of 4㎏.
(2) It is larger in oxygen consumption for taking on hand a satchel than taking on bark a satchel.
4. Energy Expenditure
(1) It gets increased in energy expenditure according to increasing in weight of a satchel, especially it gets conspicuously increased in case of loading of 6㎏.
(2) It is larger in energy expenditure for taking on back a satchel than taking on hand a satchel.
5. R.M.R.
(1) It gets mostly large in R.M.R. according to increasing in weight of a satchel, especially. it gets conspicuously large in case of weight more than 4㎏.
(2) It is largest of all case for taking on hand a satchel in R.M.R., that is 3.00.
6. The optimal weight of satchel in walking is 15% of individual body weight.
7. It is more beneficial in walking far taking on back a satchel than taking on hand in phase of energy expenditure and forming posture.
Key Words
Kinesiological Studies on the Development of Human Footprints 자연과학편 : 접지족적(接地足跡)의 발달(發達)에 관한 기능학적(機能學的) 연구(硏究)
朴泳熙YoungHeePark
19(0) 119-127, 1980
Title
Kinesiological Studies on the Development of Human Footprints 자연과학편 : 접지족적(接地足跡)의 발달(發達)에 관한 기능학적(機能學的) 연구(硏究)
朴泳熙YoungHeePark
DOI:
Abstract
The foot print were measured in seven items:
1) foot length 2) foot width 3) hallux angle 4) arch angle 5) toe angle 6) heel angle 7) flat foot The subjects were 220 boys and girls aged from 6 to 11 years in S-elementary school.
The results were as follows:
1) The body height and weight of S-elementary school boys and girls were almost agreed with the national average.
2) The growth curve of foot length was similar to it of body height. The development of foot with was a little to compare with foot length. The ratio of foot width to length was a small value at the high grade of elementary school.
3) The heel angle took a small value at the high grade of elementary school; it showed more slender in foot proportion.
4) A large number of flat was absolved 1∼2 grade of elementary school boys and girls.
Key Words
A study on the static posture for the Korean college students 자연과학편 : 한국(韓國) 대학생(大學生)의 자세(姿勢)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
李弼根PilGeunLee , 李世衡SeiHyoungLee
19(0) 129-134, 1980
Title
A study on the static posture for the Korean college students 자연과학편 : 한국(韓國) 대학생(大學生)의 자세(姿勢)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)
李弼根PilGeunLee , 李世衡SeiHyoungLee
DOI:
Abstract
In order to clarify the posture of Korean collegians, an attempt by means of the Massey posture test was made to study through the selection of 302 students who are undergraduates of Dong Guk University for random sampling. The study showed that Angle I showed 15.8 ; Angle II 15.6; Angle III l0.1 ; and Angle IV 7.5. The total of the angles represented 49.
1) These results intricate that the spinal curve of Korean collegians is great and therefore, a more through posture education is required.
2) As a results of a comparison with the Massey posture grade table, the posture of Korean collegians are distributed below grade C, and therefore, it is urgently required to work out a scientific research to upgrade the present grade of posture.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1) There must be a study and research for body mechanics as a whole.
2) Post standards must urgently be established for Korean collegians by sex, and age.
3) It must be gone first that the conditions of posture is an important factor for enlarging the range of the activity.
Key Words
A study On the Fat Contents Measurement of the Korean Adults in a Big Cities by Means of Skinfold Methods 자연과학편 : 우리나라 도시성인층(都市成人層)의 피지후측정(皮脂厚測定)에 의한 체지방량(體脂肪量)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)
蔡鴻遠HongEwonChai , 林明燮MyungSupLim , 洪進杓JinPyoHong
19(0) 135-153, 1980
Title
A study On the Fat Contents Measurement of the Korean Adults in a Big Cities by Means of Skinfold Methods 자연과학편 : 우리나라 도시성인층(都市成人層)의 피지후측정(皮脂厚測定)에 의한 체지방량(體脂肪量)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)
蔡鴻遠HongEwonChai , 林明燮MyungSupLim , 洪進杓JinPyoHong
DOI:
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the total body fat in order to understand the adult body typos in big cities. The total body fat of the adult measure by female, from 21 to 61 years of age.
The date obtained are analyzed and compared according to age groups. I measured skinfold tickness of the chest, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and thigh. I calculated the body types by sch eldon’s antoroposcopy method, the body fat amount by Gatchell’s and sinning’s regression equation. The a result of this survey is as foolows;
1) Body type measurements: The average of endomorph by antoroposcopy is 33% for the male, 47% for the female. The average of mesomorph by antoroposopy is 44.6% for the male, 46.2% for the female. The average of ectomorph by antoroposcoph is 21.9% for the male, 6.8% for the female.
2) physique measurement;
The average of body height by antropometric is 167.6cm for the male, 154.3cm for the female
The average of body weight by antropometric is 65.5㎏ for the male, 54.3㎏ for the female.
The difference between height and weight is 101.9 for the male, 100.2 for the female.
The average of chest girth by antropometric is 93.1cm for the male, 87.1cm for the female.
The average of abdominal girth by antropometric is 8.25cm for the male, 80.6cm for the female.
The difference between chest girth and abdominal girth is 10.2cm for the male, 6.4cm for the female
3) The means of skinfold tickness measured with a Elyoken type skinfold caliper is:
< i >The age groups:
chest: The means of skinfold tickness is 13.9㎜ for the male, 19.9㎜ for the female.
The standard deviations of skinfold tickness is 6.46 for the male, 4.46 for the female.
triceps: The means of skinfold thickness is 12.3㎜ for the mate, 15.4㎜ for the female.
The standard deviations of skinfold tickness is 6.03 for the male, 5.40 for the female.
subscapular: The means of skinfold tickness is 18.3㎜ for the male, 22.8㎜ for the female.
The standard deviations of skinfold tickness is 8.00 for the male, 4.87 for the female.
suprailiac; The means of skinfold tickness is 21.5㎜ for the male, 27.7㎜ for the female.
The standard deviations of skinfold tickness is 10.08 for the male, 7.43 for the female.
abdominal: The means of skinfold tickness is 27.9㎜ for the male, 32.5 ㎜ for the female.
The standard deviations of skinfold tickness is 10.81 for the male, 8.99 for the female.
thigh: The means of skinfold tickness is 17.4 for the male, 21.1㎜ for the female.
The standard deviations of skinfold tickness is 7.06㎜ for the male, 4.16 for the female.
< ii >The occupation groups:
For the male, The measurement of skinfold tickness chest (14.6㎜), subscapular (19.8㎜), suprailiac (23.8㎜), abdominal (27.2㎜) and thigh (19.0㎜) of the businessman-is higher than that of other occupations.
The measurement of skinfold tickness-triceps (12.8㎜) of the officeman is higher than that of the other occupations. The measurement of skinfold tickness chest (8.1㎜) triceps (8.8㎜), subscapular (13.3㎜), suprailiac (12.6㎜), abdominal (12.3㎜), and thigh (10.9㎜) of the student is for smaller than that of the other occupations. For the female, The measurement of skinfold tickness-chest (18.2㎜), triceps (14.4㎜), subscapula (20.0㎜) suprailiac (23.6㎜), abdominal (27.3㎜) and thigh (17.0㎜) of the occupations is-more variable than-chest (20.3㎜) triceps (14.5㎜), subscapula (20.3㎜), suprailiac (25.5㎜) abdominal (31.7㎜), and thigh (18.9㎜) -of the inoccupations.
4) The regression equation of body fat weight yields the following result:
The male: fat weight=11,9㎏. fat free weight=53,6㎏. percent of fat=18%. body density=1,057gm/cc.
The female: iat weight=13,7㎏. fat free weight=40,5㎏. percent of fat=25,1%. body density=1,040gm/cc.
The female value is higher then the male.
Key Words
A Kinesiological Analysis of Shot-put -with reference to high school players- 자연과학편 : 투포환(投砲丸)의 기능학적(機能學的) 분석(分析) -제(第)59회(回) 전국체육대회(全國體育大會) 고교부(高校部) 입상자(入賞者)를 중심(中心)으로 -
申性休SeongHyooShin
19(0) 155-163, 1980
Title
A Kinesiological Analysis of Shot-put -with reference to high school players- 자연과학편 : 투포환(投砲丸)의 기능학적(機能學的) 분석(分析) -제(第)59회(回) 전국체육대회(全國體育大會) 고교부(高校部) 입상자(入賞者)를 중심(中心)으로 -
申性休SeongHyooShin
DOI:
Abstract
There are some elements in improving the record of shut-put, such as muscular strength and power. Accordingly the initial velocity should be fast so that the force should be thrown over long distance. Because of throwing heavy things, the force should be worked gradually in order to get acceleration. The feet must push the ground to touch the surface of it for a long time and motor skill must be smooth without stopping.
Besides the initial velocity is greatly concerned with the size of throwing angle. The slant should be maintained so that the shot-put may be throw forward from the toe-board, and when throw the shot-put, height should be kept as high as possible.
But in this research all the intricate skills can’t be analyzed, only tried to show how the seven factors-the gliding time, the throwing position time, turn and throwing time, initial velocity, throwing angle, throwing height, and slant-can be related with ave another.
In order to find that, when the best eight players of high school group in our country took part in the national athletic meeting, recorded their practical movements(in game order of each player) in film and then enlarged them so as to analyse. By doing so, I could get the following conclusion:
1. The average glidling time was 0.1893∼0.2509 sec. The difference of speed between each player was rather large.
2. The average of (intermediate action) time requirment from the throwing position was 0.071∼0.1657 sec. The difference between each player was rather wide
3. The average of turn and throwing time was 0.2272∼0.3223 sec. The difference of speed about last action was rather large,
4. The average of initial velocity the throw shot put was 9.65∼10.71m/sec. This show that power was rather short.
5. The average throwing angle was generally 36˚2"∼43˚9" which was rather low. Whenever they threw, throwing angle different and there was no stability because of the wide range.
6. The average throw height was 1.85∼2.00m. It was lower than Cureton’s report by about 20cm.
7. The perfect forward slant average 7.3cm very fell behind.
The above results indicate that each player has Some defects in common. If they are put right in speed, power and physical strength, records of senior high school players will be able to improve very much.
Key Words
An Analytical Research on Various Types of Stroke in Tennis 자연과학편 : Tennis경기(競技)에 있어서 Stroke에 관(關)한 분석연구(分析硏究)
金鍾宇JongWooKim
19(0) 165-176, 1980
Title
An Analytical Research on Various Types of Stroke in Tennis 자연과학편 : Tennis경기(競技)에 있어서 Stroke에 관(關)한 분석연구(分析硏究)
金鍾宇JongWooKim
DOI:
Abstract
A research was done on the games at the all-Korea Tennis Tournament `79, the 34th all-Korea Student Tennis Championship Contest, and at the 2nd Chonnam Student Tennis Tournament, with a view analyzing as an important factor the various types of stroke contributing to the success and/or failure in the games. From the research were drawn the following conclusions:
1. With the winners and losers in the high school and college student players alike, the lack of skill in every type of stroke was in the order of serve, receive, backhand stroke, and lob.
2. Of the strokes the college student players got the most snore with passing shot, and the high school student players with smash. The scoring rate with the college student players was in the order of smash, forehand volley, passing shot; with the high school student players in the order of smash, passing shot, forehand volley.
3. Of the strokes the college student players lost the most score in backhand stroke, and the high school student players in forehand stroke. The score-losing rate with the college student players was in the order of receive, backhand stroke, serve, forehand stroke, and lob; the high school student players got no point at all with servers receive, and lob, and their scoring rate was in the order of backhand stroke, forehand stroke.
4. Most of the score-losing errors were due to the outs by 30% with the college student players and by 45% with the the high school student players.
5. The ratio of successful serve and successful receive with the winners was twice as high as with the losers of the college and high school student players alike.
6. The stroke that had much to do with the score-getting was passing shot and backhand stroke with the college student players, and forehand stroke and backhand stroke with the high school student players. Accordingly, loss were the net plays with the high school student players than the ones with the college student players.
7. The average number of the games of the one set was 9.32 in the college student game, and 8.62 in the high school student game. The average point of the one game was 6.43 in the college student game, and 6.85 in the high school student game. This showed that the difference between the winners and the losers was greater with the high school student players than with the college student players.
Key Words
Study on Heart Rate Recovery of Soccer, Basket ball and Base ball Players. -in Male High School Players- 자연과학편 : 축구(蹴球)·농구(籠球)·야구선수(野球選手)들의 심박수(心拍數) 회복(回復)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -남자고등학교(男子高等學校) 학생(學生) 중심(中心)으로-
유종우JongWooYoo
19(0) 177-185, 1980
Title
Study on Heart Rate Recovery of Soccer, Basket ball and Base ball Players. -in Male High School Players- 자연과학편 : 축구(蹴球)·농구(籠球)·야구선수(野球選手)들의 심박수(心拍數) 회복(回復)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -남자고등학교(男子高等學校) 학생(學生) 중심(中心)으로-
유종우JongWooYoo
DOI:
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of the body position (eg; supine, sitting and upright position) on the resting heart rate and on the recovers of the heart rate after 100m dash in 20 soccer, 20 basket ball and 20 base ball players.
The results were summerized as follows;
1. The mean resting heart rates were 68.4±5.2 beats/min, 68.3+6.1 beats/min and 76.1=6.2 beats/min in soccer players, basket players and baseball players, respectively.
2. In resting state, the heart rate in supine position showed the lowest value in all subject.
3. The mean heart rates, just after 100m dash were 160.4±1.3, 160.6±3.7 and 160.8±7.1 beat/min in soccer, basket ball and baseball players, respectively.
4. The rate recovery of heart rate after loom dash showed the highest value in soccer player group.
And also, this rates were highest in supine position in all groups.
And the rate of recovery of heart rates was accelerated in supine position, indicating that the heart rate recovery could be affected by cardiopulmonay function (ie, physical fittness).
Therefore, it can be speculated that adequate training may enhance the recovery after exercise.
Key Words
Cardiopulmonary Responses of Treadmill Exercise during Recovery Period 자연과학편 : Treadmill운동부하후(運動負荷後) 회복기(恢復期)에 있어서 심폐기능(心肺機能)의 변화(變化)
黃樹寬SooKwanHwang , 許垘BokHuh
19(0) 187-199, 1980
Title
Cardiopulmonary Responses of Treadmill Exercise during Recovery Period 자연과학편 : Treadmill운동부하후(運動負荷後) 회복기(恢復期)에 있어서 심폐기능(心肺機能)의 변화(變化)
黃樹寬SooKwanHwang , 許垘BokHuh
DOI:
Abstract
Thirty male subjects aged between 20-24 years were devided into athletic and non-athletic group. Running exercise was performed on a treadmill at 5 MPH, 15% grade for 3 min. The heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were measured at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 min after the termination of the exer cise in an effort to analyze the physical training on the cardiopulmonary functions during the recovery period, and to find out if the cardiopulmonary responses during recovery period can be an index of physical fitness. The results are summarized as follows.
1. In resting state, heart rate was significantly lower in athletes than in non-athletes, while blood pressure and respiratory rate showed no significant differences between the two group.
2. The recovery of heart rate after the exercise was more rapid in athletes than in non-athletes. Heart rate at 1 min after the exercise was 117. 2±5. 21 in athletes and 168.5±7, 85 in non-athletes. The reco very of heart rate to 150% of the resting level required 4 min in athletes and 12. 6 min in non-athletes, indicating that the recovery was 3 times faster in athletes than in non-athletes. Heart rate at 20 min was 73. 9±2. 65 in athletes and 98.5±4.47 in non-athletes.
3. Systolic pressure at 1 min after the exercise was 208.5±4.35mmHg in athletes comparing with 172. 9±6.29mmHg in non-athletes. The recovery was more rapid in athletes, so that the systolic pressure became similar in both groups at 5 min. The resting level was restored in 20 min in both groups.
Diastolic pressure in athletes showed a tendency to decrease until 3 min after the exercise then incre ased followed by a gradual increase and reached 82.8±2.03mmHg at 20 min after the exercise, which is significantly higher than the resting level. In non-athletes, the diastolic pressure decreased until 10 min after the exercise and then increased, but showed no significant difference from the resting level.
The mean arterial pressure at 1 min after the exercise was 115.2±2.64 mmHg in athletes and 110.2±3.16mmHg in non-athletes. In athletes it decreased rapidly to 96.5±2.13mmHg at 5 min after the exercise and then showed little decrease until 20 min. In non-athletes it decreased steadily to 87.4±3.45 mmHg at 20 min which is lower than the resting level.
Pulse pressure at 1 min after the exercise was 136.7±4, 24mmHg in athletes and 94.1±7. 65mmHg in non-athletes. In athletes it showed rapid recovery reaching lower level than that of non-athletes after 5 min. At 20 min after the exercise, the pulse pressure was lower than the resting level in both groups, especially significantly in athletes (38.7±1.59mmHg).
4. Respiratory rate at 1 min after the exercise was 25.5±1.06 in athletes and 34.7±2.33 in non-ath letes, and showed rapid recovery from l to 3 min after the exercise in both group. At 20 min after the exercise, the resting level was restored in athletes but not in non-athletes.
5. In summary, heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate during the recovery period after trea dmill exercise showed rapid recovery in athletes, while slow recovery was observed in non-athletes. Especially significant is the result that the heart rate of the resting state was significantly lower in athletes than in non-athletes, and that the recovery was 3 times more rapid in athletes than in non -athletes. The result indicating that the heart rate at 1 min after the exercise was significantly lower and the systolic pressure was significantly higher in athletes than in non-athletes is also considered highly significant. The recovery pattern of the diastolic pressure, the mean arterial pressure and the pulse pressure can be considered to be a useful index in evaluating the effectiveness of the physical training. Further studies on the subject are deemed essential.
Key Words
A Study on the Change for the Moment of Inertia and Energy of the Human Body in Rotational Motion 자연과학편 : 회전운동(回轉運動)에 있어서 인체(人體)의 관성능률(慣性能率) 및 Energy의 변화(變化)
朴宇奎WooKyuPark
19(0) 201-211, 1980
Title
A Study on the Change for the Moment of Inertia and Energy of the Human Body in Rotational Motion 자연과학편 : 회전운동(回轉運動)에 있어서 인체(人體)의 관성능률(慣性能率) 및 Energy의 변화(變化)
朴宇奎WooKyuPark
DOI:
Abstract
In rotational motion as forward, backward somersault and backward giant swing in horizontal bar, the center of gravity and moment of inertia for a given physical act of the human body were measured experimentally using the bifilar pendulum.
The manner of change of the human body in motion was determined by a photographic method by using a 8-㎜ movie camera at the rate of 70 frames per second.
1. During angular motion in a somersault, the total angular momentum of the sustem remained constant unless an external net torque acts upon it.
That is, the moment of inertia depends upon the distribution of the mass around its axis of rotation.
This distribution is determined by the magnitude of the radius of gyration. The speed of rotation was inversely proportional to the radius of gyration. When the radius of gyration of a rotating body decreases, the angular speed of the body is proportionally increased.
2. The center of gravity determened in this pendulum gave experimental evidence that the whole body center of gravity acts as a projectile which travels a parabolic path in mid air.
3. In forward and backward somersault, the straight position had approximately two and one half times the moment of inertia in the tucked position.
Key Words
An Analysis of Physical Fitness in Electromyogram chnning, sit-up, forward trunk flection. 자연과학편 : 신체동작(身體動作)의 근전도학적(筋電圖學的) 분석(分析)
安義洙EueSooAnn
19(0) 213-219, 1980
Title
An Analysis of Physical Fitness in Electromyogram chnning, sit-up, forward trunk flection. 자연과학편 : 신체동작(身體動作)의 근전도학적(筋電圖學的) 분석(分析)
安義洙EueSooAnn
DOI:
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the change of muscle action potential during exercise which is show in the electromyogram.
For exercise three items have been selected from physical Fitness Test; channng, sit-up and forward trunk flection. For the subjects of this investgation 35 handball players (15 senior high school players, 10 university players, 10 national players) were selected.
The objects of this measurement are the mucle action potential intergral of electromyogram, its change according to frequency of exorcise, and the correlation between physique and muscle action potential integral.
The conclusion are as follows.
A. Muscle Action Potential Integral
1. In channing exercise, the average ratio of the muscle action potential integral when biceps brachii is flexed and extended is; 2.68/ℓ in the case of senior high school players, 2.61/ℓ in the case of univresity players, 2.65/ℓ in the case of national players and the total average is 2.64/ℓ.
The average ratio of the muscle action potential integral when brachioradialis is flexed and extened is: 1.91/ℓ in the case of senior high school players, 1.79/ℓ in the case of university players, 2.76/ℓ in the case of national players and the total average is 2.05/ℓ.
2. In sit-up exercise the average ratio of the muscle action potential integral when rextus abdominis is flexed and extended is; 2.14/ℓ in the cast of senior high school players, 1.76/ℓ in the case of university players, 2.06/ℓ in the case of national players and the total average is 1.98/ℓ.
The average ratio of muscle action potential integral when extenal oblique is flexed and extended is; 175/ℓ in case of senior high school players, 1.79/ℓ in the case of university players, 1.95/ℓ in the case of national players and the total average is 1.79/ℓ.
3. In forward trunk flection exercise, the average ratio of muscle action potential integral when rextus abdominis is flexed and when external oblique is flexed is; 1.2/ℓ in the case of senior high school players, 1.05/ℓ in the case of university plazers, 1.53/ℓ in the case of national players and the total average is 1.21/ℓ.
B. The changes of muscle action potential integral according to the repetilion Nembers of exercise;
1. Chinning exercise, the curve of the average muscle action potential integral when biceps brachii flexed is 1.24mv at the first stage of the exercise, 1.62mv at the intermediate stage of the exercise, 1.72mv at the final swage of the exercise.
The curve of the average muscle action potential integral when brachicradialis is flexed is; 1.24mv at the first stage of the exercise, 1.69mv at the intermediate stage of the practice, 1.73mv at the final stave of the exorcise. Therefore, muscle action potential integral of two muscles increases almost aqunlly by a similar difference.
2. In sit-up exercise, the curve of the average muscle action potential integral when rectus abodominis is flexed is; 0.8mv at the first stage of exercise, 0.85mv the intermediate stage of the exorcise, 0.87mv at the final stage of the exercise. The curve of the average muscle action potential integral when exteral oblique is flexed is; 0.61mn at the first stage of the exercise, 0.61mv intermediate stage of the exercise, 0.61mv intermediate stage of the exercise, 0.64mv at the final stage of the practice. Therefore these two muscle increase by marginal difference.
C. The investigate have measured five cases in order to find out about a correlation between physique and muscle action potential intergral.
The cases which have a correlation and these which have not are as follows;
1. There are correlations between muscle action potential intergral when brachioradialis is flexed in chinning exercise and fore arm circumference, and between muscle action potential intergral when rextus abdominis is flexed in sit-up exercise and skinfold thickness.
2. There are correlations whatever between muscle action potential intergral when biceps brachii is flexed in chinning exercise and body weight, between muscle action dotential integral when rextus abdominis is flexed in forward trunk flextion exercise and height, and between muscle action potential integral when external oblique is flexed in forward truck flextion exercise and abdominal circumfereace.
Key Words
A Modified Sit and Reach Test 유연성(柔軟性)의 새 측정법(測定法) -앉아 앞으로 손뻗치기를 중심(中心)으로-
Lee H. Park , Ronald F. Kirby
19(0) 221-229, 1980
Title
A Modified Sit and Reach Test 유연성(柔軟性)의 새 측정법(測定法) -앉아 앞으로 손뻗치기를 중심(中心)으로-
Lee H. Park , Ronald F. Kirby
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, inexpensive, valid, and reliable instrument for measuring trunk-hip flexibility. The subjects included 17 females and 23 males who were selected at random from a group of volunteers at Southeast Missouri State University. In establishing the validity of the modified sit and reach test, the Wells-Dillon sit and reach and the Leighton flexometer tests were administered. In establishing the reliability of the modified sit and reach test, the test-retest method was utilized with the best and the average scores of each subject.
Pearson Produce Moment correlations were computed between the 4 trials of the modified sit and reach test in order to find the relationships among trials and to determine the number of trials necessary to obtain an accurate score. The reliability coefficients renged from r=.92 to r=.99 among each of the trials in the test-retest; r=.97 when the best scores of each subject in the test and retest were correlated; and .98 when the average score of each subject in the 4 trials of the test and retest were correlated. An intraclass correlation coefficient of R=.93 for the 4 trials of the test and of R=.92 for the 4 trials of the retest were computed.
